Concepts that work survive, whereas those that do not fit the observed data die off. The tested hypotheses are then rejected if they fall short, rather than accepted if the data are compatible, and the results are ultimately critically reviewed by the scientific community. It's the act of taking observations made in the natural world to test hypotheses, preferably in a rigorous, repeatable way. But can science actually be “good” or “bad”? “Junk science” is the term used to tar scientific studies that disagree with positions favorable to the industry ( Mooney, 2004, 2006 Oreskes and Conway, 2011 Macilwain, 2014). It has been argued that the terms “sound science” and “junk science” have been appropriated by various industries, such as the oil and gas industry and the tobacco industry. Most often, this is so parties with interests (usually economic) in the outcome of a political decision can promote certain results and attempt to discredit others. The terms “good science,” “bad science,” and especially “sound science” are frequently used in the policy arena.
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